![]() Edge activators contribute to the deformability and elasticity of transfersomes, enabling them to penetrate through pores much smaller than their own size. ![]() These two types of vesicles differ in terms of their structure, characteristics, mechanism of action and mode of application on the skin. Transfersomes and ethosomes are the most investigated penetration-enhancing phospholipid nanovesicles, obtained by the incorporation of surfactant edge activators and high concentrations of ethanol, respectively. The literature describes several approaches with the aim of altering the properties of these vesicles to improve their penetration properties. Classic phospholipid vesicles, liposomes, do not penetrate the deep layers of the skin, but remain confined to the upper stratum corneum. Phospholipid-based vesicular carriers have been widely investigated for enhanced drug delivery via dermal/transdermal routes. This is a comprehensive review on the use of phospholipid nanovesicles for dermal/transdermal and nasal drug administration.
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